jueves, 15 de noviembre de 2007

Teoría de Walter Christaller







Walter Christaller (1893-1969)


Geógrafo alemán, uno de los máximos exponentes de la nueva geografía cuantitativa. En el año 1933 elaboró una teoría general para explicar el número y distribución de los asentamientos humanos en un territorio; la teoría del lugar central. Teoría sobre la distribución y jerarquización de los lugares centrales en un espacio isotrópico. Según esta teoría, un lugar central esta conformado por un grupo de empresas establecidas en un mismo lugar, donde en conjunto deben satisfacer las demandas del área de mercado circundante.(
http://club.telepolis.com/geografo/economica/teoria.htm)
Con esta teoría Christaller quiso demostrar que una empresa de servicio ubicada en un lugar central, es decir, con mayor accesibilidad para la población, obtendrá mayores beneficios económicos que las que no se encuentra en este lugar, pues la población más alejada tenderá a no desplazarse para adquirir ese servicio, a no ser que se acumulen consumos de servicios, y en esta área surgirán otras empresas del mismo tipo, hasta lograr un equilibrio.(¿?) Teniendo en cuenta esto, Christaller definió tres conceptos básicos, a partir de los cuales estableció el sistema de jerarquía de los lugares centrales. El primero de ellos es el de lugar central, el cual es un núcleo de concentración de población que ofrece bienes y servicios con un nivel de especialización a un área mayor de influencia que la ocupada físicamente por dicho núcleo; el segundo concepto es bien o servicio central que consiste en los bienes y servicios con un nivel de especialización que son ofrecidos solamente en los lugares centrales; y finalmente, región complementaria también denominada área de influencia o hinterland que es el área que abastece un lugar central de bienes y servicios centrales.(Lopéz, 2003).
Esta teoría sostiene que los asentamientos actúan como centros que proporcionan uno o más servicios a las zonas circundantes; su importancia varía según la cantidad y tipos de asentamientos diferentes que dependan de aquéllos y según la cantidad y clase de servicios o funciones que les proporcionen. También clasifica los servicios; entre los de orden o rango inferior se encontrarían los suministrados por la tienda de un pueblo, y entre los de orden superior estarían los ofrecidos por unos grandes almacenes o un hospital. (Chorley, 1971).












______________________________________________

Fuentes:
López, J. Teorías y Enfoques del Desarrollo Territorial, en http://www.esap.edu.co/ModulosAPT/Teorias_Enf_Desa_Terr.pdf Chorley, Richard J. La Geografía y los modelos socio-económicos. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública, 1971. Obra de carácter divulgativo. http://club.telepolis.com/geografo/economica/teoria.htm








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